Current Issue : July - September Volume : 2018 Issue Number : 3 Articles : 5 Articles
Background. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are membrane bound, secreted by cells, and detected in bodily fluids, including urine, and\ncontain proteins, RNA, andDNA. Our goal was to identify HIV and human proteins (HPs) in urinary EVs fromHIV+ patients and\ncompare them to HIVâË?â?? samples. Methods. Urine samples were collected from HIV+ (...
Theburden of health risk behaviour (HRB) among adolescents livingwith HIV (ALWHIV) in sub-SaharanAfrica (SSA) is currently\nunknown. A systematic search for publications on HRB among ALWHIV in SSA was conducted in PubMed, Embase, PsycINFO,\nand Applied Social Sciences Index and Abstracts databases. Results were summarized following PRISMA guidelines for systematic\nreviews and meta-analyses. Heterogeneity was assessed by the DerSimonian and Laird method and the pooled estimates were\ncomputed. Prevalence of current condom nonuse behaviour was at 59.8% (95% CI: 47.9ââ?¬â??71.3%), risky sexual partnerships at 32.9%\n(95% CI: 15.4ââ?¬â??53.2%), transactional sex at 20.1% (95% CI: 9.2ââ?¬â??33.8%), and the experience of sexual violence at 21.4% (95% CI:\n16.3ââ?¬â??27.0%) among ALWHIV. From this meta-analysis, we did not find statistically significant differences in pooled estimates of\nHRB prevalence between ALWHIV and HIV uninfected adolescents. However, there was mixed evidence on the occurrence of\nalcohol and drug use behaviour. Overall, we found that research on HRB among ALWHIV tends to focus on behaviour specific\nto sexual risk. With such a high burden of HRB for the individuals as well as society, these findings highlight an unmet need for\nage-appropriate interventions to address the behavioural needs of these adolescents....
Numerous studies have examined the pathogenesis of osteoporosis. The causes of osteoporosis include endocrine factors,\nnutritional status, genetic factors, physical factors, and immune factors. Recent osteoimmunology studies demonstrated that the\nimmune system and immune factors play important regulatory roles in the occurrence of osteoporosis, and people should pay\nmore attention to the relationship between immunity and osteoporosis. Immune and bone cells are located in the bone marrow\nand share numerous regulatory molecules, signaling molecules, and transcription factors. Abnormal activation of the immune\nsystem alters the balance between osteoblasts and osteoclasts, which results in an imbalance of bone remodeling and\nosteoporosis. The incidence of osteoporosis is also increasing with the aging of China�s population, and traditional Chinese\nmedicine has played a vital role in the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis for centuries. Chinese medicinal plants possess\nunique advantages in the regulation of the immune system and the relationships between osteoporosis and the immune system.\nIn this review, we provide a general overview of Chinese medicinal plants in the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis,\nfocusing on immunological aspects....
A case of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection is described from Nepal with constant maintenance of CD4 count and\nHIV-RNA level below the lower detection threshold for more than ten years. The case was diagnosed of HIV positive in the year\n2008. He had his viral load estimation performed every year since then which was always below lower detection limit and\nremained healthy without treatment. The patient also had not any kinds of opportunistic infection till date. He is married now and\nhas not transmitted the disease to his wife...
Background. UNAIDS has set a new target 90-90-90 by 2020. To achieve this target, current programs need to address challenges\nthat limit access, availability, and utilization of HIV testing and treatment services. Therefore, the aim of this study was to identify\nthe barriers that influence access, availability, and utilization of HIV services in rural Uganda within the setting of a large donor\nfunded program. Methods.We conducted key informant interviews with stakeholders at the district level, staff of existingHIV/AIDS\nprojects, and health facilities in 19 districts. Data were also collected from focus group discussions comprised of clients presenting\nfor HIV care and treatment. Data were transcribed and analyzed using content analysis. Results. Barriers identified were as follows:\n(1) drug shortages including antiretroviral drugs at health facilities. Some patients were afraid to start ART because of worrying\nabout shortages; (2) distance and (3) staffing shortages; (4) stigmapersistence; (5) lack of social and economic support initiatives that\nenhance retention in treatment. Conclusions. In conclusion, our study has identified several factors that influence access, availability,\nand utilization of HIV services. Programs need to address drug and staff shortages, HIV stigma, and long distances to health facilities\nto broaden access and utilization in order to realize the UNAIDS target....
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